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“It is clear that the defendants used this test deliberately to prevent the plaintiff from participating in the tournament,” said a New York Supreme Court judge. Wrote. Richards played at the US Open that year at age 43. Quickly eliminated in the singles tournament, but made it to the doubles final.
Eight women at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta failed the chromosome test Because they carry a Y chromosome. All were allowed to compete after they were shown to have hormonal conditions that prevented them from going through typical male development. By the 2000 Olympics, international sports organizations abandoned chromosome testing and reverted to provisional medical examinations.
Testosterone-based sex testing began nearly a decade ago, after South African athlete Caster Semenya won the 800m race by more than two seconds at the 2009 world championships in track and field. Scrutinized for her strong physique, Semenya was examined by an endocrinologist and a gynecologist, as well as undergoing mental health assessments by a psychologist.
The results of these tests were never made public, but Semenya reveal later He said he was forced to take drugs to reduce his testosterone in order to compete. In 2011, World Athletics, the body that oversees athletics events introduced its first policy towards women limits hormone concentrations to 10 nanomoles per liter with high testosterone. (The average testosterone level in women is less than 3 nanomoles per liter, whereas in men typically 10 to 35 nanomoles per liter.)
Many experts think the rules were changed because of Semenya. “It was a reaction to a truly outstanding athlete,” said Schultz, a Pennsylvania State historian.
Four years later, the IOC loosened its policies. trans athletesIt had previously required them to undergo genital surgeries and legally change their gender, focusing solely on testosterone. Transgender women must demonstrate decreased blood concentrations of the hormone for at least one year.
In 2020, after several challenges in international courts, the World Athletics testosterone rule approved. Refusing to take testosterone-suppressing drugs, Semenya was unable to compete in the 2020 Olympics.
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